Nationalism in india notes

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Chapter 3: Nationalism in India

The Growth of Modern Nationalism

  • Indian nationalism arose as a response to British colonial rule and was characterized by a collective anti-colonial sentiment.
  • The Indian National Congress, with Gandhi at the helm, worked to bridge the gap between different groups, though this unity was often challenged by internal disagreements.

World War I, Khilafat, and Non-Cooperation

  • The national movement gained momentum in 1919, reaching new regions and demographics, and adopting innovative forms of protest.
  • Gandhi’s return to India brought the concept of Satyagraha to the forefront, advocating for non-violent resistance based on the power of truth.
  • His campaigns in Champaran and Kheda were pivotal in mobilizing peasants against oppressive systems.

The Idea of Satyagraha

  • Gandhi’s Satyagraha was a method of mass agitation that proved effective in South Africa and was adapted to the Indian struggle for independence.
  • It was a philosophy that emphasized the strength of peaceful resistance and moral courage over physical force.

The Rowlatt Act

  • The Rowlatt Act of 1919, passed in the face of Indian opposition, granted the government extensive powers to suppress political activity and detain individuals without trial.
  • Gandhi’s call for a nationwide Satyagraha in response to the Act marked a significant escalation in the freedom struggle.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre

  • The Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of 1919, where British troops fired on a peaceful gathering, became a symbol of colonial cruelty and galvanized the Indian population against British rule.

Khilafat Movement

  • The Khilafat Movement sought to defend the Ottoman Caliphate and became a point of Hindu-Muslim unity under Gandhi’s guidance.
  • It represented a broader attempt to forge a united front against the British, transcending religious lines.

Differing Strands Within the Movement

  • The movement was not monolithic; it encompassed various forms of resistance, especially in rural areas, reflecting the diverse aspirations of the Indian populace.

These notes are designed to give you a more nuanced understanding of the chapter. However, for exam preparation, it’s advisable to consult your textbook and other educational materials to ensure you have covered all necessary details.

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